Dalton discusses the economic effect of taxation under the following three heads: 1. Effect of Taxation on Production, 2. Effect of Taxation on Distribution 3. Other Effects. 1. Effect of Taxation on Production: According to Dalton effect of taxation on production can be in the following three ways: (a) Effect on ability to work, save and invest. (b) Effect upon [...]
The Meaning of Impact, Incidence and Shifting: When a tax is levied, its first impact will be felt by the person, who actually makes the tax payment. He may be an income-receiver, property owner or a buyer or seller of goods arid services. He may bear the tax himself. In some instances, he may be able to shift the burden [...]
Treaty violations could be either the result of a treaty breach or a fundamental change of circumstances. A treaty breach could arise when the State legislates in breach of a treaty provision, and applies its law to actual tax situations. Such legislation will be treated as an override only if the treaty partner disapproves of it unequivocally. It then violates [...]